CYTOCHROME P450 1B1 (Cyp1b1) belongs to the CYP450 superfamily of heme‑binding mono‑oxygenases which catalyze oxidation of various endogenous and exogenous substrates. The expression of Cyp1b1 plays an important role in the modulation of development and functions of the trabecular meshwork (TM). Mutations in Cyp1b1 have been reported in patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Mice lacking Cyp1b1 also exhibit developmental defects in the TM similar to those reported in congenital glaucoma patients. However, how Cyp1b1 deficiency contributes to TM dysgenesis remains unknown. In the present review, we will address the significance of Cyp1b1 expression and/or its function in anterior segment development. Cyp1b1‑deficient (Cyp1b1-/-) mice are discussed as a promising model for an oxidative stress‑induced model of PCG, in which Cyp1b1 activity is revealed as an important modulator of oxidative homeostasis contributing to the development and structural function of the TM. This conclusion suggests a possible clinical intervention for individuals who are genetically at high risk of developing PCG.

Personalized medicine is partially enabled by in vitro diagnostics including pharmacogenomic, proteomic and other functional testing such as therapeutic drug management and toxicological testing. This paper will introduce the conceptual aspects of developing personalized treatment using pharmacogenetics information. The initial discussion will give an overview of the application of pharmacogenetics in personalized medicine, followed by specific examples involving CYTOCHROME P450s drug metabolizing enzymes (CYP enzymes). The paper also discusses the influence of racial and ethnic characteristics of a population on the variation in drug effectiveness and toxicity. The need for implementation of pharmacogenetics in medical education is highlighted.